================================================================
REVELATION CHAPTER 1 (CHAZON YOCHANAN) — VERSE-BY-VERSE APPARATUS
================================================================
Archivist rules: Koine Greek first, from the earliest
witnesses. Literal English is rendered fresh from the
Greek; [brackets] mark every helper word English adds
that has no Greek counterpart. Hebrew is given ONLY
from the Tanakh (real text) — never invented for
Revelation, whose earliest text is Greek. No commentary.

WITNESSES FOR CHAPTER 1
- P98 (2nd c. papyrus): covers 1:13-2:1. Earliest
  witness for vv. 13-20.
- P18 (3rd/4th c. papyrus): covers 1:4-7.
- Codex Sinaiticus, א (4th c.): whole chapter. Seen at
  codexsinaiticus.org, Revelation on BL folio 325b
  (Rev 1:1-2:7). א readings below verified via the
  published collation of the Sinaiticus transcription
  (ITSEE Birmingham), cross-checked per verse.
- Codex Alexandrinus, A (5th c.), and Codex Ephraemi,
  C (5th c.): whole chapter; differences noted where
  the collation shows them.
- P47 (3rd c.) does NOT cover chapter 1 (it has
  9:10-17:2 only).

NAMES: YudHeyVavHey, Yehoshua HaMashiach, Ruach, Elohim,
Yochanan. "Lord" = kurios (title), never a stand-in
for the Name.
================================================================

------------------------- REV 1:1 -------------------------

GREEK (א: no variants noted in 1:1):
Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἣν ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ θεός,
δεῖξαι τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦ ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι ἐν τάχει,
καὶ ἐσήμανεν ἀποστείλας διὰ τοῦ ἀγγέλου αὐτοῦ
τῷ δούλῳ αὐτοῦ Ἰωάννῃ,

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"Unveiling of Yehoshua HaMashiach, which Elohim
gave to him, to show to the slaves of him what
[things] must come to be in swiftness, and he
signified [it], having sent through the messenger
of him to the slave of him, Yochanan,"

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Dan 2:28 (Aramaic):
  אִיתַי אֱלָהּ בִּשְׁמַיָּא דִּי גָלֵא רָזִין
  "there is a God in heaven who reveals mysteries"
Dan 2:29 (Aramaic):
  גָּלֵא רָזַיָּא הוֹדְעָךְ מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא
  "revealer of mysteries made known to you what
   shall be"

------------------------- REV 1:2 -------------------------

GREEK (א reads ὅσα — verified):
ὃς ἐμαρτύρησεν τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ
καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὅσα εἶδεν.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"who bore witness [to] the word of Elohim and
the testimony of Yehoshua HaMashiach, as many
[things] as he saw."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
(none verbally exact; the word-and-testimony pair
is the book's own formula, cf. 1:9; 6:9; 20:4)

------------------------- REV 1:3 -------------------------

GREEK (א: no variants noted in 1:3):
μακάριος ὁ ἀναγινώσκων
καὶ οἱ ἀκούοντες τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας
καὶ τηροῦντες τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ γεγραμμένα,
ὁ γὰρ καιρὸς ἐγγύς.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"Blessed [is] the [one] reading and the [ones]
hearing the words of the prophecy and keeping
the [things] written in her, for the season
[is] near."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Ps 1:1:
  אַשְׁרֵי הָאִישׁ
  "blessed [is] the man"
Zeph 1:14:
  קָרוֹב יוֹם יְהוָה
  "near [is the] day of YudHeyVavHey"

------------------------- REV 1:4 -------------------------

GREEK (א reads τῶν for ἃ — verified; א keeps
the solecism ἀπὸ + nominative ὁ ὢν):
Ἰωάννης ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαις ταῖς ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ·
χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη
ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος,
καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων
ἃ [א: τῶν] ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ,

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"Yochanan to the seven assemblies, the [ones]
in the Asia: grace to you and peace from the
[One] being and the [one] was and the [one]
coming, and from the seven spirits, the [ones]
before the throne of him,"

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Exod 3:14:
  אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה
  "I will be who I will be"
Isa 11:2:
  וְנָחָה עָלָיו רוּחַ יְהוָה רוּחַ חָכְמָה וּבִינָה
  רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה רוּחַ דַּעַת וְיִרְאַת יְהוָה
  "and shall rest on him the Spirit of
   YudHeyVavHey: a spirit of wisdom and
   understanding, a spirit of counsel and might,
   a spirit of knowledge and of the fear of
   YudHeyVavHey"
Zech 4:10:
  שִׁבְעָה אֵלֶּה עֵינֵי יְהוָה
  "these seven [are] the eyes of YudHeyVavHey"

------------------------- REV 1:5 -------------------------

GREEK (א reads λύσαντι "freed" — verified;
א* omitted τῷ before ἀγαπῶντι, א² restored it):
καὶ ἀπὸ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ,
ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός,
ὁ πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν
καὶ ὁ ἄρχων τῶν βασιλέων τῆς γῆς.
Τῷ ἀγαπῶντι ἡμᾶς
καὶ λύσαντι ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν
ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ –

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"and from Yehoshua HaMashiach, the witness,
the faithful [one], the firstborn of the dead
[ones], and the ruler of the kings of the earth.
To the [One] loving us and freeing us from the
sins of us by the blood of him —"

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Ps 89:28 (MT):
  אַף אָנִי בְּכוֹר אֶתְּנֵהוּ עֶלְיוֹן לְמַלְכֵי אָרֶץ
  "also I, as firstborn I will set him, highest
   among the kings of earth"

------------------------- REV 1:6 -------------------------

GREEK (א* reads βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς without καί;
א² added καί; א* read τὸν αἰῶνα τῶν αἰώνων,
א² corrected to τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων — verified):
καὶ ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς
τῷ θεῷ καὶ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ –
αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος
εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων ἀμήν.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"and he made us a kingdom, priests to Elohim
and Father of him — to him [be] the glory and
the might unto the ages of the ages. Amen."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Exod 19:6:
  וְאַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ לִי מַמְלֶכֶת כֹּהֲנִים
  "and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests"

------------------------- REV 1:7 -------------------------

GREEK (א: no variants noted in 1:7):
Ἰδοὺ ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν,
καὶ ὄψεται αὐτὸν πᾶς ὀφθαλμὸς
καὶ οἵτινες αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν,
καὶ κόψονται ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν
πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς.
ναί, ἀμήν.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"Behold, he comes with the clouds, and shall
see him every eye, and [those] who pierced him,
and shall mourn over him all the tribes of the
earth. Yes, amen."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Dan 7:13 (Aramaic):
  וַאֲרוּ עִם עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ אָתֵה הֲוָה
  "and behold, with the clouds of heaven, like
   a son of man, coming he was"
Zech 12:10:
  וְהִבִּיטוּ אֵלַי אֵת אֲשֶׁר דָּקָרוּ
  "and they shall look to me, [at] whom they
   pierced"
Zech 12:12:
  וְסָפְדָה הָאָרֶץ מִשְׁפָּחוֹת מִשְׁפָּחוֹת
  "and shall mourn the land, family by family"

------------------------- REV 1:8 -------------------------

GREEK (א* added ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος after τὸ Ὦ;
א² removed it, matching the printed text;
both readings verified):
Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ,
λέγει κύριος ὁ θεός,
ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος,
ὁ παντοκράτωρ.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"I am the Alpha and the Ō, says Lord Elohim,
the [One] being and the [one] was and the [one]
coming, the Almighty."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Isa 44:6:
  אֲנִי רִאשׁוֹן וַאֲנִי אַחֲרוֹן
  "I [am] first and I [am] last"
Hag 1:2 (for צְבָאוֹת, which the LXX renders
παντοκράτωρ):
  כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת
  "thus says YudHeyVavHey of hosts"

------------------------- REV 1:9 -------------------------

GREEK (א reads συνκοινωνός — verified; א reads
καὶ διά (adds διά) — verified; א* reads
ἐν Ἰησοῦ / μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ, א² expanded to
ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ / μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ —
both verified; A reads ἐν Χριστῷ):
Ἐγὼ Ἰωάννης,
ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν καὶ συνκοινωνὸς [א]
ἐν τῇ θλίψει καὶ βασιλείᾳ καὶ ὑπομονῇ
ἐν Ἰησοῦ [א*],
ἐγενόμην ἐν τῇ νήσῳ τῇ καλουμένῃ Πάτμῳ
διὰ [א: καὶ διά] τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ
καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ [א*].

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"I, Yochanan, the brother of you and fellow
sharer in the affliction and kingdom and
endurance in Yehoshua, came to be on the island,
the [one] called Patmos, because of the word
of Elohim and the testimony of Yehoshua."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Dan 12:1:
  וְהָיְתָה עֵת צָרָה
  "and there shall be a time of distress"

------------------------- REV 1:10 ------------------------

GREEK (א: no variants noted in 1:10):
ἐγενόμην ἐν πνεύματι ἐν τῇ κυριακῇ ἡμέρᾳ,
καὶ ἤκουσα ὀπίσω μου φωνὴν μεγάλην ὡς σάλπιγγος

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"I came to be in spirit on the Lord's day, and
I heard behind me a voice great as of a trumpet,"

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Exod 19:16:
  וְקוֹל שֹׁפָר חָזָק מְאֹד
  "and the sound of a ram's horn, strong
   exceedingly"
Ezek 3:12:
  וַתִּשָּׂאֵנִי רוּחַ
  "and the Spirit lifted me"

------------------------- REV 1:11 ------------------------

GREEK (א* reads λεγούσης, agreeing with the
printed text — verified):
λεγούσης,
Ὃ βλέπεις γράψον εἰς βιβλίον
καὶ πέμψον ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαις,
εἰς Ἔφεσον καὶ εἰς Σμύρναν καὶ εἰς Πέργαμον
καὶ εἰς Θυάτιρα καὶ εἰς Σάρδεις
καὶ εἰς Φιλαδέλφειαν καὶ εἰς Λαοδίκειαν.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"saying, What you see write into a scroll and
send to the seven assemblies: into Ephesus and
into Smyrna and into Pergamum and into Thyatira
and into Sardis and into Philadelphia and into
Laodicea."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Exod 17:14:
  כְּתֹב זֹאת זִכָּרוֹן בַּסֵּפֶר
  "write this [as] a memorial in the book"
Jer 30:2:
  כְּתָב לְךָ אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים אֶל סֵפֶר
  "write for yourself [all] the words onto
   a scroll"

------------------------- REV 1:12 ------------------------

GREEK (א reads ἐλάλει, agreeing with the printed
text — verified; P98 (2nd c.) is extant here but
shows no variant in 1:12):
Καὶ ἐπέστρεψα βλέπειν
τὴν φωνὴν ἥτις ἐλάλει μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ·
καὶ ἐπιστρέψας εἶδον ἑπτὰ λυχνίας χρυσᾶς,

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"And I turned to see the voice which was
speaking with me; and having turned I saw seven
lampstands golden,"

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Zech 4:2:
  וְהִנֵּה מְנוֹרַת זָהָב כֻּלָּהּ
  "and behold, a lampstand of gold, all of it"

------------------------- REV 1:13 ------------------------

GREEK (א reads ὅμοιον υἱόν, accusative, against
the dative ὅμοιον υἱῷ of the printed text —
verified; א adds ἑπτά: ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἑπτὰ λυχνιῶν
— verified; א* reads χρυσᾶν — verified;
A reads ὁμοίωμα υἱῷ; P98 (2nd c.) is extant
for 1:13 but shows no variant here):
καὶ ἐν μέσῳ τῶν λυχνιῶν
ὅμοιον υἱῷ [א: υἱόν] ἀνθρώπου,
ἐνδεδυμένον ποδήρη
καὶ περιεζωσμένον πρὸς τοῖς μαστοῖς
ζώνην χρυσᾶν·

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"and in [the] midst of the lampstands [one]
like a son of man, [one] clothed [in] a robe
reaching to the feet and girded at the breasts
[with] a sash golden."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Dan 7:13 (Aramaic):
  וַאֲרוּ עִם עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ אָתֵה הֲוָה
  "and behold, with the clouds of heaven, like
   a son of man, coming he was"
Dan 10:5:
  וְהִנֵּה אִישׁ אֶחָד לָבוּשׁ בַּדִּים
  "and behold, a man, one, clothed [in] linen"

------------------------- REV 1:14 ------------------------

GREEK (א reads ὡς ἔριον, agreeing with the
printed text — verified; P98 (2nd c.) is extant
here but shows no variant in 1:14):
ἡ δὲ κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ τρίχες
λευκαὶ ὡς ἔριον λευκόν, ὡς χιών,
καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός,

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"and the head of him and the hairs white as
wool white, as snow, and the eyes of him as
a flame of fire,"

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Dan 7:9 (Aramaic):
  וּשְׂעַר רֵאשֵׁהּ כַּעֲמַר נְקֵא
  "and the hair of his head [was] like wool,
   pure"
Dan 10:6:
  וְעֵינָיו כְּלַפִּידֵי אֵשׁ
  "and his eyes [were] like torches of fire"

------------------------- REV 1:15 ------------------------

GREEK (א reads πεπυρωμένῳ, dative, against the
genitive πεπυρωμένης of the printed text —
verified; A agrees with the printed text):
καὶ οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ
ὡς ἐν καμίνῳ πεπυρωμένης [א: πεπυρωμένῳ],
καὶ ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ ὡς φωνὴ ὑδάτων πολλῶν,

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"and the feet of him like fine bronze, as in
a furnace having been fired, and the voice of
him as a voice of many waters,"

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Dan 10:6:
  וּזְרֹעֹתָיו וּמַרְגְּלֹתָיו כְּעֵין נְחֹשֶׁת קָלָל
  "and his arms and his feet [were] like the
   gleam of polished bronze"
Ezek 1:24:
  כְּקוֹל מַיִם רַבִּים
  "like the sound of many waters"
Ezek 43:2:
  וְקוֹלוֹ כְּקוֹל מַיִם רַבִּים
  "and his voice [was] like the sound of many
   waters"

------------------------- REV 1:16 ------------------------

GREEK (א: no variants noted in 1:16; P98 (2nd c.)
is extant here but shows no variant in 1:16):
καὶ ἔχων ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ἀστέρας ἑπτά,
καὶ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ
ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα ἐκπορευομένη,
καὶ ἡ ὄψις αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος
φαίνει ἐν τῇ δυνάμει αὐτοῦ.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"and holding in the right hand of him seven
stars, and out of the mouth of him a sword
double edged, sharp, going forth, and the
appearance of him as the sun shines in the
power of it."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Isa 49:2:
  וַיָּשֶׂם פִּי כְּחֶרֶב חַדָּה
  "and he made my mouth like a sharp sword"
Judg 5:31:
  וְאֹהֲבָיו כְּצֵאת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ בִּגְבֻרָתוֹ
  "and those who love him [are] like the going
   forth of the sun in its might"

------------------------- REV 1:17 ------------------------

GREEK (א: no variants noted in 1:17):
Καὶ ὅτε εἶδον αὐτόν,
ἔπεσα πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ ὡς νεκρός·
καὶ ἔθηκεν τὴν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐπ᾽ ἐμὲ λέγων,
Μὴ φοβοῦ·
ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος,

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"And when I saw him, I fell to the feet of him
as dead; and he placed the right [hand] of him
upon me, saying, Do not fear; I am the First
and the Last,"

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Ezek 1:28:
  וָאֶפֹּל עַל פָּנָי
  "and I fell on my face"
Dan 10:12:
  אַל תִּירָא
  "do not fear"
Isa 44:6:
  אֲנִי רִאשׁוֹן וַאֲנִי אַחֲרוֹן
  "I [am] first and I [am] last"

------------------------- REV 1:18 ------------------------

GREEK (א* ends at αἰώνων without ἀμήν;
א² added ἀμήν — verified; P98 (2nd c.) is
extant here but shows no variant in 1:18):
καὶ ὁ ζῶν,
καὶ ἐγενόμην νεκρὸς καὶ ἰδοὺ ζῶν εἰμι
εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων [א*: no ἀμήν],
καὶ ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"and the Living [One], and I became dead, and
behold, living I am unto the ages of the ages,
and I have the keys of the death and of the
Hades."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Isa 22:22:
  וְנָתַתִּי מַפְתֵּחַ בֵּית דָּוִד עַל שִׁכְמוֹ
  "and I will set the key of the house of David
   on his shoulder"

------------------------- REV 1:19 ------------------------

GREEK (א* reads γενέσθαι, א² reads γίνεσθαι,
agreeing with the printed text — both verified;
P98 (2nd c.) is extant here but shows no
variant in 1:19):
γράψον οὖν ἃ εἶδες καὶ ἃ εἰσὶν
καὶ ἃ μέλλει γίνεσθαι [א*: γενέσθαι] μετὰ ταῦτα.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"Write therefore what [things] you saw and what
[things] are and what [things] are about to
come to be after these [things]."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
Dan 2:28 (Aramaic):
  מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא בְּאַחֲרִית יוֹמַיָּא
  "what shall be in the latter part of the days"

------------------------- REV 1:20 ------------------------

GREEK (א reads ἑπτὰ λυχνίαι, ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαι
εἰσίν, without the articles of the printed text
— verified):
τὸ μυστήριον τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀστέρων
οὓς εἶδες ἐπὶ τῆς δεξιᾶς μου,
καὶ τὰς ἑπτὰ λυχνίας τὰς χρυσᾶς·
οἱ ἑπτὰ ἀστέρες ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν εἰσιν,
καὶ αἱ λυχνίαι αἱ ἑπτὰ [א: λυχνίαι] ἑπτὰ
ἐκκλησίαι [א: no articles] εἰσίν.

LITERAL ENGLISH:
"The mystery of the seven stars which you saw
upon the right [hand] of me, and the seven
lampstands, the golden [ones]: the seven stars
are messengers of the seven assemblies, and the
seven lampstands are seven assemblies."

TANAKH PARALLELS:
(none verbally exact; the verse interprets its
own symbols — lampstands from Zech 4:2, see 1:12)

================================================================
END OF CHAPTER 1 APPARATUS
Next: chapter 2, on her word.
================================================================