Verse-by-Verse Study Notes
STUDY NOTES — verse by verse. [Brackets] mark English helper words. Hebrew quoted word-for-word from the Tanakh, never invented. “Lord” = kurios (title), never the Name. Greek in pinned comment; apparatus free below.
Rev 14:1 — א A P47.
Lit: “And I saw, and behold, the Lamb standing upon Mount Zion, and with Him a hundred forty-four thousands having the name of Him and the name of the Father of Him written upon the foreheads of them.”
Heb, Joel 3:5 (2:32 Eng; deliverance on Mount Zion): וְהָיָה כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה יִמָּלֵט כִּי בְּהַר־צִיּוֹן וּבִירוּשָׁלִַם תִּהְיֶה פְלֵיטָה כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמַר יְהוָה וּבַשְּׂרִידִים אֲשֶׁר יְהוָה קֹרֵא — “and it shall be, everyone who calls on the name of YudHeyVavHey shall escape; for on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem there shall be deliverance, as YudHeyVavHey said, and among the survivors whom YudHeyVavHey calls”
Heb, Ezek 9:4 (the mark set on the foreheads): וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֵלָיו עֲבֹר בְּתוֹךְ הָעִיר בְּתוֹךְ יְרוּשָׁלִָם וְהִתְוִיתָ תָּו עַל־מִצְחוֹת הָאֲנָשִׁים הַנֶּאֱנָחִים וְהַנֶּאֱנָקִים עַל כָּל־הַתּוֹעֵבוֹת הַנַּעֲשׂוֹת בְּתוֹכָהּ — “and YudHeyVavHey said to him, ‘Pass through the midst of the city, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a mark upon the foreheads of the men who sigh and who groan over all the abominations done in its midst’”
Heb, Exod 28:36 (the engraved plate on the forehead): וְעָשִׂיתָ צִּיץ זָהָב טָהוֹר וּפִתַּחְתָּ עָלָיו פִּתּוּחֵי חֹתָם קֹדֶשׁ לַיהוָה — “and you shall make a plate of pure gold, and engrave upon it with seal-engraving: ‘Holy to YudHeyVavHey’”
Rev 14:2 — א A P47.
Lit: “And I heard a voice out of heaven as a voice of many waters and as a voice of great thunder, and the voice which I heard [was] as of harpists harping on the harps of them.”
Heb, Ezek 43:2 (His voice as the sound of many waters): וְהִנֵּה כְּבוֹד אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּא מִדֶּרֶךְ הַקָּדִים וְקוֹלוֹ כְּקוֹל מַיִם רַבִּים וְהָאָרֶץ הֵאִירָה מִכְּבֹדוֹ — “and behold, the glory of the Elohim of Israel came from the way of the east, and His voice was as the sound of many waters, and the earth shone from His glory”
Heb, Dan 10:6 (his voice as the sound of a multitude): וּגְוִיָּתוֹ כְתַרְשִׁישׁ וּפָנָיו כְּמַרְאֵה בָרָק וְעֵינָיו כְּלַפִּידֵי אֵשׁ וּזְרֹעֹתָיו וּמַרְגְּלֹתָיו כְּעֵין נְחֹשֶׁת קָלָל וְקוֹל דְּבָרָיו כְּקוֹל הָמוֹן — “and his body was as Tarshish-stone, and his face as the appearance of lightning, and his eyes as torches of fire, and his arms and his legs as the gleam of burnished bronze, and the sound of his words as the sound of a multitude”
Rev 14:3 — א A P47.
Lit: “And they sing as a new song before the throne and before the four living ones and the elders; and no one was able to learn the song except the hundred forty-four thousands, the [ones] having been purchased from the earth.”
Heb, Ps 96:1 (sing to YudHeyVavHey a new song): שִׁירוּ לַיהוָה שִׁיר חָדָשׁ שִׁירוּ לַיהוָה כָּל־הָאָרֶץ — “sing to YudHeyVavHey a new song; sing to YudHeyVavHey, all the earth”
Heb, Ps 98:1 (a new song, for wonders He has done): שִׁירוּ לַיהוָה שִׁיר חָדָשׁ כִּי־נִפְלָאוֹת עָשָׂה הוֹשִׁיעָה־לּוֹ יְמִינוֹ וּזְרוֹעַ קָדְשׁוֹ — “sing to YudHeyVavHey a new song, for wonders He has done; His right hand has saved for Him, and His holy arm”
Heb, Isa 42:10 (a new song from the end of the earth): שִׁירוּ לַיהוָה שִׁיר חָדָשׁ תְּהִלָּתוֹ מִקְצֵה הָאָרֶץ יוֹרְדֵי הַיָּם וּמְלֹאוֹ אִיִּים וְיֹשְׁבֵיהֶם — “sing to YudHeyVavHey a new song, His praise from the end of the earth — you who go down to the sea, and its fullness, isles and their inhabitants”
Rev 14:4 — א A P47.
Lit: “These are [the ones] who with women were not defiled, for virgins they are; these [are] the [ones] following the Lamb wherever He may go; these were purchased from among men [as] firstfruits to Elohim and to the Lamb,”
Heb, Exod 23:19 (the firstfruits brought to the house): רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ — “the first of the firstfruits of your ground you shall bring to the house of YudHeyVavHey your Elohim”
Heb, Lev 23:10 (the sheaf of the firstfruits of the harvest): דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם כִּי־תָבֹאוּ אֶל־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי נֹתֵן לָכֶם וּקְצַרְתֶּם אֶת־קְצִירָהּ וַהֲבֵאתֶם אֶת־עֹמֶר רֵאשִׁית קְצִירְכֶם אֶל־הַכֹּהֵן — “speak to the sons of Israel and say to them: ‘When you come to the land which I give you, and reap its harvest, you shall bring the sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest to the priest’”
Rev 14:5 — א A P47.
Lit: “and in the mouth of them no falsehood was found; blameless they are.”
Heb, Zeph 3:13 (no deceitful tongue found in their mouth): שְׁאֵרִית יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא־יַעֲשׂוּ עַוְלָה וְלֹא־יְדַבְּרוּ כָזָב וְלֹא־יִמָּצֵא בְּפִיהֶם לְשׁוֹן תַּרְמִית כִּי־הֵמָּה יִרְעוּ וְרָבְצוּ וְאֵין מַחֲרִיד — “the remnant of Israel shall do no wrong and shall speak no lie, and no deceitful tongue shall be found in their mouth; for they shall graze and lie down, and none shall make them afraid”
Heb, Isa 53:9 (no deceit in His mouth): וַיִּתֵּן אֶת־רְשָׁעִים קִבְרוֹ וְאֶת־עָשִׁיר בְּמֹתָיו עַל לֹא־חָמָס עָשָׂה וְלֹא מִרְמָה בְּפִיו — “and He gave His grave with the wicked, and with the rich in His death, because no violence He had done, and no deceit was in His mouth”
Heb, Ps 32:2 (no deceit in his spirit): אַשְׁרֵי אָדָם לֹא יַחְשֹׁב יְהוָה לוֹ עָוֺן וְאֵין בְּרוּחוֹ רְמִיָּה — “blessed is the man to whom YudHeyVavHey reckons no iniquity, and in whose spirit there is no deceit”
Rev 14:6 — א A P47.
Lit: “And I saw another angel flying in mid-heaven, having an everlasting gospel to proclaim upon the [ones] sitting upon the earth, and upon every nation and tribe and tongue and people,”
Heb: none direct — the “everlasting gospel” proclaimed in mid-heaven has no single Tanakh parallel; cf. the messenger language.
Rev 14:7 — א A P47.
Lit: “saying in a great voice: ‘Fear Elohim and give to Him glory, because the hour of the judgment of Him has come, and worship the [One] having made the heaven and the earth and sea and springs of waters.’”
Heb, Exod 20:11 (for in six days YudHeyVavHey made heaven and earth and sea): כִּי שֵׁשֶׁת־יָמִים עָשָׂה יְהוָה אֶת־הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֶת־הַיָּם וְאֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּם וַיָּנַח בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי עַל־כֵּן בֵּרַךְ יְהוָה אֶת־יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת וַיְקַדְּשֵׁהוּ — “for in six days YudHeyVavHey made the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day; therefore YudHeyVavHey blessed the Sabbath day and set it apart”
Heb, Ps 146:6 (the Maker of heaven and earth, the sea): עֹשֶׂה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ אֶת־הַיָּם וְאֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּם הַשֹּׁמֵר אֱמֶת לְעוֹלָם — “the Maker of heaven and earth, the sea and all that is in them; the Keeper of truth forever”
Heb, Neh 9:6 (You made the heavens, the earth, the seas): אַתָּה־הוּא יְהוָה לְבַדֶּךָ אַתָּה עָשִׂיתָ אֶת־הַשָּׁמַיִם שְׁמֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם וְכָל־צְבָאָם הָאָרֶץ וְכָל־אֲשֶׁר עָלֶיהָ הַיַּמִּים וְכָל־אֲשֶׁר בָּהֶם וְאַתָּה מְחַיֶּה אֶת־כֻּלָּם וּצְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם לְךָ מִשְׁתַּחֲוִים — “You, You are YudHeyVavHey alone; You made the heavens, the heavens of heavens and all their host, the earth and all that is upon it, the seas and all that is in them, and You give life to them all, and the host of heaven bows to You”
Heb, Deut 10:12 (fear YudHeyVavHey your Elohim): וְעַתָּה יִשְׂרָאֵל מָה יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ שֹׁאֵל מֵעִמָּךְ כִּי אִם־לְיִרְאָה אֶת־יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ — “and now, Israel, what does YudHeyVavHey your Elohim ask of you but to fear YudHeyVavHey your Elohim”
Rev 14:8 — א A P47.
Lit: “And another, a second angel followed, saying: ‘She has fallen, she has fallen — Babylon the great, who out of the wine of the wrath of the fornication of her has given all the nations to drink.’”
Heb, Isa 21:9 (fallen, fallen is Babylon): וְהִנֵּה־זֶה בָא רֶכֶב אִישׁ צֶמֶד פָּרָשִׁים וַיַּעַן וַיֹּאמֶר נָפְלָה נָפְלָה בָּבֶל וְכָל־פְּסִילֵי אֱלֹהֶיהָ שִׁבַּר לָאָרֶץ — “and behold, here comes a chariot of men, a pair of horsemen; and he answered and said: ‘Fallen, fallen is Babylon, and all the carved images of her gods He has shattered to the ground’”
Heb, Jer 51:8 (suddenly Babylon has fallen): פִּתְאֹם נָפְלָה בָבֶל וַתִּשָּׁבֵר הֵילִילוּ עָלֶיהָ קְחוּ צֳרִי לְמַכְאוֹבָהּ אוּלַי תֵּרָפֵא — “suddenly Babylon has fallen and is broken; wail over her; take balm for her pain — perhaps she may be healed”
Heb, Jer 51:7 (Babylon a golden cup in YudHeyVavHey’s hand, making all the earth drunk): כּוֹס־זָהָב בָּבֶל בְּיַד־יְהוָה מְשַׁכֶּרֶת כָּל־הָאָרֶץ מִיֵּינָהּ שָׁתוּ גוֹיִם עַל־כֵּן יִתְהֹלְלוּ גוֹיִם — “Babylon was a golden cup in the hand of YudHeyVavHey, making all the earth drunk; the nations drank of her wine — therefore the nations go mad”
Rev 14:9 — א A P47.
Lit: “And another, a third angel followed them, saying in a great voice: ‘If anyone worships the beast and the image of him, and receives a mark upon the forehead of him or upon the hand of him,”
Heb: none direct — the mark of the beast has no Tanakh parallel; cf. Ezek 9:4 above for the mark upon foreheads.
Rev 14:10 — א A P47.
Lit: “he himself also shall drink out of the wine of the wrath of Elohim, the [wine] having been mixed undiluted in the cup of the anger of Him, and he shall be tormented in fire and sulfur before holy angels and before the Lamb.”
Heb, Ps 75:9 (75:8 Eng; the cup in YudHeyVavHey’s hand, wine foaming, full of mixture): כִּי כוֹס בְּיַד־יְהוָה וְיַיִן חָמַר מָלֵא מֶסֶךְ וַיַּגֵּר מִזֶּה אַךְ־שְׁמָרֶיהָ יִמְצוּ יִשְׁתּוּ כֹּל רִשְׁעֵי־אָרֶץ — “for a cup is in the hand of YudHeyVavHey, and the wine foams, full of mixture, and He pours from it; surely all the wicked of the earth shall drain and drink its dregs”
Heb, Isa 51:17 (drunk the cup of His wrath): הִתְעוֹרְרִי הִתְעוֹרְרִי קוּמִי יְרוּשָׁלִַם אֲשֶׁר שָׁתִית מִיַּד יְהוָה אֶת־כּוֹס חֲמָתוֹ אֶת־קֻבַּעַת כּוֹס הַתַּרְעֵלָה שָׁתִית מָצִית — “awake, awake, rise up, Jerusalem, who have drunk from the hand of YudHeyVavHey the cup of His wrath — the bowl of the cup of staggering you have drunk, drained”
Heb, Jer 25:15 (the cup of the wine of wrath): כִּי כֹה אָמַר יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵלַי קַח אֶת־כּוֹס הַיַּיִן הַחֵמָה הַזֹּאת מִיָּדִי וְהִשְׁקִיתָה אֹתוֹ אֶת־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ אוֹתְךָ אֲלֵיהֶם — “for thus said YudHeyVavHey, the Elohim of Israel, to me: ‘Take this cup of the wine of wrath from My hand, and give all the nations to whom I send you to drink it’”
Heb, Gen 19:24 (sulfur and fire rained on Sodom): וַיהוָה הִמְטִיר עַל־סְדֹם וְעַל־עֲמֹרָה גָּפְרִית וָאֵשׁ מֵאֵת יְהוָה מִן־הַשָּׁמָיִם — “and YudHeyVavHey rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah sulfur and fire, from YudHeyVavHey, from heaven”
Heb, Ps 11:6 (fire and sulfur and scorching wind the portion of their cup): יַמְטֵר עַל־רְשָׁעִים פַּחִים אֵשׁ וְגָפְרִית וְרוּחַ זִלְעָפוֹת מְנָת כּוֹסָם — “He shall rain upon the wicked snares — fire and sulfur and a scorching wind shall be the portion of their cup”
Rev 14:11 — א A P47.
Lit: “and the smoke of the torment of them rises unto ages of ages, and they have no rest day and night — the [ones] worshiping the beast and the image of him, and if anyone receives the mark of the name of him.”
Heb, Isa 34:10 (her smoke shall go up forever): לַיְלָה וְיוֹמָם לֹא תִכְבֶּה לְעוֹלָם יַעֲלֶה עֲשָׁנָהּ מִדּוֹר לָדוֹר תֶּחֱרָב לְנֵצַח נְצָחִים אֵין עֹבֵר בָּהּ — “night and day it shall not be quenched; forever its smoke shall go up; from generation to generation it shall lie waste; forever and ever none shall pass through it”
Rev 14:12 — א A P47.
Lit: “Here is the endurance of the holy ones — the [ones] keeping the commandments of Elohim and the faith of Yehoshua.”
Heb: none direct — the endurance of the saints keeping the commandments has no single Tanakh parallel.
Rev 14:13 — א A P47.
Lit: “And I heard a voice out of heaven saying: ‘Write: Blessed [are] the dead, the [ones] in the Lord dying from now on.’ ‘Yes,’ says the Ruach, ‘that they shall rest from the labors of them, for the works of them follow with them.’”
Heb: none direct — the blessing on the dead who die in the Lord has no single Tanakh parallel.
Rev 14:14 — א A P47.
Lit: “And I saw, and behold, a white cloud, and upon the cloud [One] sitting like a son of man, having upon the head of Him a golden crown and in the hand of Him a sharp sickle.”
Heb, Dan 7:13 (one like a son of man coming with the clouds of heaven — ARAMAIC): חָזֵה הֲוֵית בְּחֶזְוֵי לֵילְיָא וַאֲרוּ עִם־עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ אָתֵה הֲוָה וְעַד־עַתִּיק יוֹמַיָּא מְטָה וּקְדָמוֹהִי הַקְרְבוּהִי — “I was looking in the visions of the night, and behold, with the clouds of heaven one like a son of man was coming; and he came up to the Ancient of Days, and they brought him near before Him”
Rev 14:15 — א A P47.
Lit: “and another angel came out of the temple, crying in a great voice to the [One] sitting upon the cloud: ‘Send the sickle of you and reap, because the hour to reap has come, because the harvest of the earth has become dry.’”
Heb, Joel 4:13 (3:13 Eng; send the sickle, for the harvest is ripe): שִׁלְחוּ מַגָּל כִּי בָשַׁל קָצִיר בֹּאוּ רְדוּ כִּי־מָלְאָה גַּת הֵשִׁיקוּ הַיְקָבִים כִּי רַבָּה רָעָתָם — “send the sickle, for the harvest is ripe; come, go down, for the winepress is full, the vats overflow, for great is their evil”
Rev 14:16 — א A P47.
Lit: “And the [One] sitting upon the cloud cast the sickle of Him upon the earth, and the earth was reaped.”
Heb: none direct — the reaping of the earth has no single Tanakh parallel; cf. Joel 4:13 above.
Rev 14:17 — א A P47.
Lit: “And another angel came out of the temple, the [one] in heaven, having — he also — a sharp sickle.”
Heb: none direct.
Rev 14:18 — א A P47.
Lit: “and another angel came out of the altar, the [one] having authority over the fire, and he called in a great voice to the [one] having the sharp sickle, saying: ‘Send the sharp sickle of you and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth, because the grapes of it are fully ripe.’”
Heb, Isa 63:3 (I trod the winepress alone): פּוּרָה דָּרַכְתִּי לְבַדִּי וּמֵעַמִּים אֵין־אִישׁ אִתִּי וְאֶדְרְכֵם בְּאַפִּי וְאֶרְמְסֵם בַּחֲמָתִי וְיֵז נִצְחָם עַל־בְּגָדַי וְכָל־מַלְבּוּשַׁי אֶגְאָלְתִּי — “a winepress I trod alone, and from the peoples no man was with Me; and I trod them in My anger, and trampled them in My wrath, and their lifeblood spattered on My garments, and all My clothing I stained”
Heb, Isa 63:6 (I trampled peoples in My anger): וְאָבוּס עַמִּים בְּאַפִּי וַאֲשַׁכְּרֵם בַּחֲמָתִי וְאוֹרִיד לָאָרֶץ נִצְחָם — “and I trampled peoples in My anger, and made them drunk in My wrath, and brought their lifeblood down to the earth”
Rev 14:19 — א A P47.
Lit: “And the angel cast the sickle of him into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast [it] into the great winepress of the wrath of Elohim.”
Heb: cf. Isa 63:3, 6 above — the winepress of wrath.
Rev 14:20 — א A P47.
Lit: “And the winepress was trampled outside the city, and blood came out of the winepress as far as the bridles of the horses, from a thousand six hundred stadia.”
Heb: cf. Isa 63:3 above — the lifeblood spattered on the garments from the trodden winepress.